Photokeratitis/Sunburned Eyes: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Medically reviewed by Tina Patel, Contact Lens Optician at Feel Good Contacts.

Have you ever experienced a burning sensation in your eyes after spending a long day in the sun? This uncomfortable experience could be a sign of an eye condition called photokeratitis also known as sunburned eyes or snow blindness.

This eye condition primarily occurs when your eyes are exposed to UV radiation that comes from the sun or other artificial sources. So, if you have also experienced discomfort in your eyes after being out in the sun, this article is just what you need. Let’s learn about the causes and preventions of sunburned eyes but first, let's start with understanding photokeratitis.

What is photokeratitis (sunburned eyes)?

Overexposure to sun rays can cause sun damage to the eyes. This eye condition causes inflammation in the cornea (clear outer layer at the front of the eye) by damaging the delicate cells, resulting in redness and pain in your eyes. This damage can be temporary or permanent depending on how long have you been exposed to the UV rays. Sunburned eyes can affect different areas within the eye such as the retina, lens, conjunctiva and cornea.

Causes of photokeratitis

This condition can be caused due to different factors:

1. Direct sunlight exposure

Direct exposure to sunlight is the most common cause of photokeratitis, especially during the highest point of the sun when UV radiation can be the most intense. Although radiation can’t be seen with naked eyes, however, overexposure to UV rays can burn your skin and eyes.

2. Reflected UV rays

Surfaces such as water, ice, sand and cement can reflect back ultraviolet rays, which is a big factor in increasing UV exposure to the eyes. Did you know as per World Health Organization (WHO) snow can reflect back about 80% of UV rays, while surfaces like dry beach sand reflect about 15% and sea foam reflect about 25% of UV rays. Therefore, having no eye protection can potentially increase the risk of getting sunburned eyes.

In addition, while the sun can cause damage to your eyes in the summer, it can cause even damage in the winter. This is because UV rays still penetrate through the clouds and reflect off white snow, which can damage your eyes.

3. Artificial UV light

Sunburned eyes are not limited to natural sunlight, but it can also be caused by artificial sources of UV radiation. This includes, welding torches, tanning beds and sun lamps emitting UV radiation. However, wearing appropriate UV protection such as flash or mirrored lenses, goggles and helmets can help protect you from these damaging sources.

4. High altitude exposure

People who live or work at high altitudes are at greater risk of getting photokeratitis. This is majorly because the atmosphere at higher altitudes becomes thinner, permitting more UV radiation to reach the earth's surface.

5. Lack of UV-protected eyewear

Wearing sunglasses that look stylish is not sufficient, but they also need to be able to block the UV rays to protect your eyes and vision.

Symptoms of photokeratitis

Symptoms of photokeratitis

Spotting the symptoms early and managing the condition can help prevent further complications. Here are some of the most common symptoms of sunburned eyes that people often ignore but could be early signs of this eye condition:

1. Pain and burning sensation

Pain and burning sensation in the eyes are one of the first signs of photokeratitis. You may experience severe pain and burning sensation in your eyes, quite similar to the feeling you get with skin sunburn.

2. Red or bloodshot eyes

In this symptom, your eyes may become red and irritated as the cornea gets inflamed from UV exposure, resulting in bloodshot eyes. You might also spot redness on other parts of your face.

3. Teary eyes

Watery or teary eyes are another symptom of photokeratitis. While experiencing irritation, the eyes can get a little more watery than normal, as it is the body's way of resolving the problem.

4. Blurred vision

Overexposure to UV rays can cause cloudy or blurry vision. It is recommended to immediately seek medical attention if you experience this symptom.

5. Sensitivity to bright light and halos

Sensitivity to bright light or photosensitivity is also an important symptom to be mindful of. You may feel pain or a burning sensation in your eyes or see halos when exposed to bright lights.

6. Discomfort in the eye

You might feel like there’s something stuck in your eyes or a gritty sensation, such as sand stuck in your eyes, making you uncomfortable.

7. Swollen eyelids

You might experience puffy eyelids, making it difficult to keep your eyes open.

8. Temporary vision loss

Temporary vision loss is also a symptom of photokeratitis. You may experience short term vision loss, which should usually resolve within 48 hours. Seeking medical advice is recommended for any concern regarding vision.

Tina Patel, Contact Lens Optician at Feel Good Contact, explained that vision loss related to photokeratitis is usually temporary. In severe cases or with repeated prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, it can lead to long-term damage, including vision loss. That’s why recognizing the symptoms early and seeking timely treatment is important for protecting your eye health.

Treatment for sunburned eyes

overexposure to uv rays

Sunburned eyes typically heal on their own within a day or two. But in the meantime, you can do the following things to ease your pain and support the healing process:

  1. Remove your contact lenses.
  2. Avoid rubbing your eyes.
  3. Apply a cool compress, such as Optase Cooling Mask.
  4. Use lubricating eye drops.
  5. Use pain relievers.
  6. Wear sunglasses with UV protection.
  7. Avoid salt water and chlorinated pools.
  8. Skip eye makeup.

Please note that longer UV exposure to eyes can cause severe photokeratitis. If you think your condition is getting worse, please seek medical advice immediately.

Ways to protect your eyes against the sun

1. Wear sunglasses with 100% UVA/B protection

Wearing UV-protected sunglasses is the best way to protect your eyes against both UVA and UVB rays. This helps shield your eyes from harmful sun rays and reduces the risk of eye damage.

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2. Avoid going out during peak sun hours

When the sun is the most potent, it is better for you to stay at home and avoid the direct sunlight. You should be even more cautious and careful while being outside in places where the sun is stronger.

3. Use a hat with a wide brim

A wide-brimmed hat is a great way to protect yourself against harmful UV rays. They not only protect your eyes from direct sunlight, but they also provide shade for your face, ears and neck. For extra protection, you should wear long sleeve clothing to cover your skin.

4. Wear goggles with UV protection for water and snow activities

People who love water and snow activities should be extra careful as the UV rays can reflect off the water surface, affecting your eyes. For water sports such as surfing or sailing, always wear 100% UVA and UVB protected sunglasses to avoid sun damage to eyes from the reflected light.

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When is it the right time to seek medical help?

Prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent complications and ensure effective treatment. If you are concerned about photokeratitis, consult your healthcare provider, especially if symptoms persist beyond 48 hours, worsen over time, or you experience severe pain, swelling, or discharge from your eyes.

Experiencing the symptoms mentioned does not mean that you have photokeratitis or sunburned eyes as various eye conditions can share similar symptoms. Too much UV exposure s can also damage eyes in other ways. Over time, it can increase your risk of developing eye conditions, such as:

Please note, it is advised by the NHS to get your eyes tested every two years.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does it take for sunburned eyes to heal?

It normally takes a day or two for sunburned eyes to get back to normal, but in the most severe cases, the symptoms might last longer.

Can your eyes really get sunburned?

Yes, just like your skin can get sunburned, your eyes can too. Prolonged UV exposure to the eyes can lead to photokeratitis or sunburned eyes. This eye condition can cause eye discomfort, redness, and eye discharge. It can also cause temporary vision loss when these symptoms are ignored.

What are the signs of sun damage to eyes?

Redness and pain in the eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision and in the most severe cases, swelling or watery eyes are some of the symptoms of sun damage to eyes.

How can I protect my eyes from UV exposure?

Wearing UV-protective sunglasses can help protect your eyes from UV exposure. You can also wear a wide-brimmed hat to limit exposure to direct sunlight at peak hours.

How do you treat sun damaged eyes?

When it comes to sunburned eyes, you can soothe your eyes with lubricating eye drops and use a cooling eye mask. Avoid exposure to UV rays or bright light. If symptoms persist or worsen, you should seek immediate medical help.

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